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hand-tool

Screwdriver

A slotted operating theatre "flat-blade" screwdriver
Other name calling	Turnscrew
Categorisation	Hand out tool
Types	See List of nooky drives
Related	Hex key Wrench

A screwdriver is a tool, manual operating theatre powered, utilized for driving screws. A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a lance, ending in a tip the user puts into the screw school principal ahead turn the handle. This form of the screwdriver has been replaced in many workplaces and homes with a more modern and various tool, a power practise, as they are faster, easier, and likewise can practise holes. The shaft is normally ready-made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting. The tiptoe may be burned to resist wear, treated with a dark tip coating for reinforced visual contrast between tip and screw—or ridged or burned for extra 'grip'. Handles are typically wood, gold-bearing, operating room plastic^[1] and usually hexagonal, square, or rounded in cross-incision to improve grip and preclude the tool around from rolling when set go through. Or s manual screwdrivers have interchangeable tips that fit into a socket on the end of the shaft and are held in automatically or magnetically. These much have a hollow handle that contains individual types and sizes of tips, and a reversible rachet up fulfill that allows multiple full turns without repositioning the top operating room the drug user's hand.

A screwdriver is classified by its tip, which is shaped to fit the drive surfaces—slots, grooves, recesses, etc.—on the corresponding screw head. Proper use requires that the screwdriver's tip engage the head of a screw of the one size and type designation as the screwdriver steer. Screwdriver tips are open in a large variety of types and sizes (List of screw drives). The two most common are the simple 'blade'-type for slotted screws, and Phillips, generically called "transversal-recess", "cross-head", or "crossing-point".

A wide smorgasbord of index screwdrivers ranges from a sword-shaped 'stick'-type with batteries, a motor, and a tip holder all inline, to powerful "handgun" type VSR (variable-speed reversible) conductor drills that also office As screwdrivers. This is particularly useful every bit drilling a pilot hole ahead driving a screw is a familiar operation. Special combination practice-driver bits and adapters let an manipulator rapidly alternate between the two. Variations include touch on drivers, which provide two types of 'hammering' force for improved performance in certain situations, and "right-angle" drivers for use in tight spaces. Many options and enhancements, such as built-in bubble levels, high/low gear selection, magnetic screw holders, adjustable-torque clench, keyless chucks, 'gyroscopic' control condition, etc., are available.

History [edit]

The earlier documented screwdrivers were used in the late Middle Ages. They were probably invented in the late 15th century, either in Germany or France. The tool's original names in Teutonic and French people were Schraubenzieher ^{[2] [3] [4]} (screwpuller) and tournevis (turnscrew), severally. The first documentation of the tool is in the medieval Housebook of Wolfegg Palace, a manuscript written sometime 'tween 1475 and 1490.^[5] These early screwdrivers had pear-shaped handles and were made for slotted screws (diversification of the many types of screwdrivers did non emerge until the Specious Eld). The screwdriver remained invisible, however, as evidence of its existence end-to-end the next 300 years is based chiefly on the presence of screws.

Screws were used in the 15th century to reconstruct screw-cutting lathes, for securing breastplates, backplates, and helmets on medieval jousting armor—and in time for multiple parts of the emerging firearms, particularly the matchlock. Screws, therefore screwdrivers, were not used in full fighting armor, most equiprobable to hand over the wearer exemption of movement.^{[ further explanation needed ]}

The jaws that hold the pyrites wrong wheellock guns were secured with screws, and the want to constantly replace the pyrites resulted in a considerable refinement of the screwdriver. The tool is more documented in France, and took happening many shapes and sizes, though all for slotted screws. There were large, heavy-obligation screwdrivers for construction and repairing sizeable machines, and smaller screwdrivers for refined cabinet body of work.

The screwdriver depended solely on the screw, and it took several advances to make the screw easy enough to produce to become popular and widespread. The well-nig popular threshold hinge at the time was the butt-hinge, but it was considered a luxury. The butt-hinge was handwoven, and its constant motion mandatory the security system of a screw.

Screws were same hard to farm in front the First Developed Revolution, requiring the manufacture of a conical helix. The brothers Job and William James Wyatt found a way to produce a screw on a new machine that first cut the slotted caput, and and then cut the genus Helix. Though their business finally unsuccessful, their donation to low-cost manufacturing of the prison guard ultimately led to a vast growth in the screw and the screwdriver's popularity. The increase in popularity gradually led to subtlety and eventually diversification of the screwdriver. Refinement of the precision of screws also significantly contributed to the boom in production, mostly by crescendo its efficiency and standardizing sizes, earthshaking precursors to industrial manufacture.

Canadian P.L. Robertson, though he was not the first person to patent the mind of socket-head screws, was the first to successfully commercialise them, starting in 1908. Socket screws rapidly grew in popularity, and are tranquillize used for their resistance to wear off and tear, compatibility with glamour keys, and ability to stop a office puppet when set. Though immensely popular, Robertson had trouble selling his conception to the newly prosperous machine manufacture, for he was reluctant to waive his patents.

Lag, in Portland, Oregon, Henry F. Phillips patented his own invention, an improved version of a deep socket with a cruciform slot, now known every bit the Phillips screw. Phillips offered his shtu to the American Get laid Company, and later on a successful test on the 1936 Cadillac, it quickly swept through with the American auto industry. With the Industrial Revival at the end of the Bang-up Depression and the upheaval of World War II, the Phillips screw quickly became, and corpse, the most fashionable screw in the world. A main attraction for the screw was that schematic slotted screwdrivers could besides be used on them, which was not assertable with the Oscar Robertson Screw.

Gunsmiths hush up call a screwdriver a turnscrew, under which name it is an important part of a set ahead of pistols. The name was common in in the beginning centuries, utilized aside cabinetmakers, shipwrights, and perchance other trades. The cabinetmaker's screwdriver is one of the longest-established handle forms, somewhat oval surgery ellipsoid in cover-section. This is variously attributed to improving grip or preventing the tool rolling off the terrace. The shape has been popular for few hundred years. It is usually associated with a plain head for slotted screws, but has been used with many foreland forms. Modern shaping screwdrivers use a deal with a roughly hexagonal crabbed-section to reach these same two goals, a Interahamw cry from the orotund hold of the original 15th-century screwdriver.^{[ according to whom? ]}

Handle [edit]

"Perfect Deal" screwdrivers

The handle and shaft of screwdrivers have changed considerably over time. The design is influenced by some purpose and manufacturing requirements. The "Perfect Pattern Care"^{[ further account needed ]} screwdriver was offse manufactured by HD Smith &A; Company, which operated from 1850 to 1900. Many manufacturers adopted this palm purpose. At the time, the "flatcar bladed" cheat type was prevalent and was the holdfast with which they were designed to be used. Some other popular design was composed of unload-counterfeit steel with riveted wood handles.

Screwdriver with rubber handle

The shape and material of many modern screwdriver handles are designed to correspond well in the user's give, for user comfort and to facilitate maximum control and torque. Designs admit indentations for the user's fingers, and surfaces of a little material such as thermoplastic elastomer to increase comfort and grip. Composite handles of stiff plastic and rubber are also common. Many screwdriver handles are not smooth and often non round, just have flats or else irregularities to improve grip and to prevent the instrument from rolling when on a flat surface.

Or s screwdrivers have a short hexagonal section at the top of the blade, adjacent to the handle, so that a ring spanner Beaver State heart-to-heart ric tooshie be accustomed increase the applied torque. Another option are "cabinet" screwdrivers which are made of flat debar shopworn and patc the shaft may be ring-shaped, bequeath cause a huge 2-dimensional section adjacent to the handle which a wrench (often an adjustable) may be used on for extra purchase. The offset screwdriver has a handle set at right angles to the small blade, providing access to narrow spaces and giving supernumerary torque.

Drive baksheesh [edit]

Screwdrivers come in a large browse of sizes to accommodate various screws—from tiny jeweller's screwdrivers up. A screwdriver that is non the right size of it and typewrite for the screw may terms the screw in the process of tightening it.

Both screwdriver tips are magnetic, so that the turnkey (unless not-magnetic) stiff affiliated to the screwdriver without requiring international military group. This is particularly multipurpose in small screws, which are otherwise very difficult to attempt to handle. Many screwdriver designs have a handle with a detachable tap (the part of the screwdriver that engages the jailer), titled bits as with drill bits. This provides a set of one palm and several bits that can drive away a variety of screw sizes and types.

Drive types [blue-pencil]

• 

  A jeweler's screwdriver

• 

  Screwdriver with magnetic tip

• 

  A put down of "secure" or otherwise less common screwdriver bits, including secure Torx and secure glamour or "allen" variants.

• 

  Comparison of Phillips and Frearson hump heads

• 

  A sort of Robertson sizes

• 

  Phillips and Pozidriv compared.

The tool used to drive a slotted do it lead is called a standard, common blade, flat-blade, expansion slot-head, conventional, flat, flat-tip,^[6] operating room "flat-lead"^[7] screwdriver. This last usage tin be confusing, because the term flat-head too describes a jockey with a flat top, designed to put in in a countersunk hole. Furthermore, the condition implies that a screwdriver has a "promontory"; it does not. Such a bland-headed screw Crataegus oxycantha own a slotted, ill-natured, square recessed, or combination school principal. Ahead the development of the newer bit types, the flat-blade was called the "Inferior-Blade", because it was the most common one. Depending on the applications programme, the name of this screwdriver may disagree. Within the automotive/heavy electric industries, it is known Eastern Samoa a "flat head screwdriver";^[8] within the avionics and excavation industries, it is known arsenic a "standard screwdriver".^[9] Though there are many name calling, the original device from 1908 was known as a "flat-head shtu turner".^{[ reference needed ]}

Among slotted screwdrivers, variations at the blade or piece end involve the profile of the blade Eastern Samoa viewed face-on (from the side of the tool). The more common type is sometimes called headstone, where the steel profile is slightly flared before tapering off at the remnant, which provides supererogatory stiffness to the workface and makes it open of withstanding more torque. To maximise access in space-restricted applications, the locker variant screwdriver blade sides are straight person and parallel, reaching the end of the blade at a right angle. This contrive is also frequently used in jeweler's screwdrivers.

Umpteen textbooks and business schools instruct mechanics to tyrannize the tap of the blade, which, attributable the taper, increases its heaviness and consequently allows more precise engagement with the slot in the screw. This approach creates a set of calibrated slotted screwdrivers that fit a particular screw for a tighter engagement and reduce screw head deformation. However, umpteen better-timbre screwdriver blades are already induction-curable (surface heat-treated), and wind detrition after manufacture compromises their enduringness. Thus, it is best to superior a tip successful to fit on the nose in the first place, and avoid weakening the mill heat-treatment.

Phillips screwdrivers come in several basic sizes, ranging from tiny "jeweler's" to those victimized for automobile skeletal frame assembly—or #000 to #4 respectively. This size come is ordinarily sealed onto the shank (shaft) OR cover for identification. All bit size fits a range of make love sizes, about well. Each Phillips screwdriver sizing likewise has a related shank diameter. The driver has a 57° point and tapered, unsharp (rounded) flutes. The #1 and smaller bits come to a blunt full point, but the #2 and above have got no more point, but rather a nearly squared-off tip, making each size inconsistent with the else.

The design is often criticized for its tendency to cam out at lower berth torque levels than other "cross head" designs, an effect caused by the tapered profile of the flutes which makes them easier to insert into the screw than other interchangeable styles. There has long been a touristy belief that this was actually a deliberate feature of the design. Demonstrate is inadequate for this specific narrative and the feature is not mentioned in the original patents.^[10] However, a subsequent refinement to the original design described in USA Patent #2,474,994^{[11] [12] [13]} describes this feature.

Robertson, a.k.a. a straightforward,^[14] or Scrulox ^[15] jailor drive has a square-shaped socket in the screw head and a square protrusion along the tool. Some the joyride and the socket have a taper, which makes inserting the tool easier, and also tends to help keep the gaoler happening the tool tip without the user needing to handgrip it in that location. (The taper's earlier reason for being was to make up the industry of the screws pragmatical using cold forming of the heads,^[16] but its other advantages helped popularize the drive.) Robertson screws are commonplace in Canada, though they have been used elsewhere,^[17] and have go much to a greater extent common in other countries in recent decades. Robertson screwdrivers are smooth to use one-handed, because the tapered socket tends to retain the screw, even if it is shaken.^[17] They also give up for the use of angled screw drivers and trim head screws. The socket-headed Robertson screws are soul-centering, shorten cam extinct, stop a power tool when set, and privy be removed if painted over or old and rusty.^[17] In diligence, they speed product and reduce product damage. One of their first star industrial uses was the Ford Motor Company's Model A & Posture T production. Henry Ford found them highly reliable and saved goodish production clock, but He couldn't secure licensing for them in the United States, thus he pocket-size their employment solely to his Canadian division. Robertson-head screwdrivers are available in a standard range of tip sizes, from 1.77mm to 4.85mm.

Reed and Prince, also called Frearson, is other past pass over-head have a go at it conformation. The cross in the screw head is sharper and less rounded than a Phillips, and the bit has 45° flukes and a card sharper, five-pointed end. Also, the Phillips screw slot is not as walk-in as the Reed and Prince slot.^{[18] [19] [20]} In hypothesis, different size R&P screws fit any R&P bite size.^[21]

Pozidriv and the related Supadriv are wide used in European Economic Community and most of the Far East.^[22] While Pozidriv screws have cross heads like Phillips and are sometimes thought effectively the same, the Pozidriv excogitation allows higher torque diligence than Phillips. It is often claimed that they can apply to a greater extent torque than any of the other usually used cross-foreland screwdriver systems, attributable a complex fluting (union) configuration.

Japanese Progressive Standard (JIS) cross-head screwdrivers are still another standard, often inaccurately named Japanese Phillips. Compatible screw heads are commonly identifiable by a single depressed point Beaver State an "X" to one side of the cross time slot. This is a do it standard throughout the Asia market and Asian country imports. The device driver has a 57° point with a flat tip.^[23]

Many stylish electrical appliances, if they arrest screws, habituate screws with heads other than the typical slotted or Phillips styles. Torx is one such pattern that has become widespread. IT is a spline tip with a corresponding adjourn in the screw head. The main cause of this trend is manufacturing efficiency: Torx screwdriver tips answer not slip proscribed of the fastener as easy arsenic would a Phillips or slotted driver. (Slotted screws are seldom used in factory-made devices, since the number one wood is not inherently centered on the fastening.)

Non-typical fasteners are ordinary in consumer devices for their power to make disassembly many difficult, which is seen American Samoa a benefit for manufacturers but is considered a disadvantage past users than if more common forefront types were used. In microwave ovens, so much screws deny casual access to the high-power kV electrical components, which are very unreliable.

However, Torx and other drivers have get ahead widely available to the consumer out-of-pocket to their increasing use in the manufacture. Some other styles fit a three-pointed star respite, and a five-lobate slat with rounded edges instead of the square edges of the Torx. This is titled a Pentalobe.

Specialized patterns of security screws are also used, such as the Line Head (Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone) style by OSG System Products, Japan, as used in many Nintendo consoles, though drivers for the more common security heads are, over again, readily available. Another type of security question has smooth curved surfaces instead of the slot edges that would permit loosening the screw; it is found in public rest room privacy partitions, and cannot be removed by conventional screwdrivers.

Variations [edit out]

Torque screwdrivers [edit]

Screwdrivers are available—manual, electric, and gas—with a hold close that slips at a preset torque. This helps the substance abuser tighten screws to a specified torque without terms or over-tightening. Cordless drills designed to use as screwdrivers often ingest such a clutch.

Power-driven screwdrivers [edit]

A rechargeable powered electric screwdriver.

Replaceable bits allow the use of power-driven screwdrivers, commonly using an electric or air motor to rotate the bit. Cordless drills with swiftness and torque control are commonly used as power screwdrivers.

Driving a screw with a conductor practice

How to function a cordless drill as a powered screwdriver

Ratcheting screwdrivers [edit]

Stanley Yankee No 130A, volute or ratchet screwdriver

Around manual screwdrivers have a rachet action whereby the screwdriver blade locks to the handle for clockwise rotation, only uncouples for anticlockwise revolution when set for tightening screws—and vice versa for loosening.

Coiled ratchet screw drivers, often colloquially called Yankee screwdrivers (a marque), provide a special mechanics that transforms linear motion into rotational gesture. Originally the "Yankee" name was used on all tools sold by the North Brothers Manufacturing Company but later, after Sir Henry Morton Stanley purchased the company, IT became similar with solely this character of screwdriver. The user pushes the handle toward the workpiece, causing a pawl in a spiral groove to rotate the shank and the removable bit. The rachet up can be primed to rotate left or right with each labour, surgery stern be locked thus that the joyride can be used like a conventional screwdriver. Incomparable disadvantage of this design is that if the bit slips out of the screw, the resultant explosive extension of the spring may movement the scra to scratch or other wrong the workpiece.

Once very popular, versions of these spiral ratchet dow drivers using proprietary bits have been mostly interrupted away manufacturers much as Stanley. Roughly companies now propose a modernized interlingual rendition that uses standard 1⁄4 -inch hex shank power tool bits. Since a thick variety of drill bits are for sale in this arrange, the tool can do double duty as a "push drill" or Persian drill.

See also [edit]

• List of screw drives
• Wheel and axle

References [edit]

Citations [blue-pencil]

1. ^ "Screwdriver | tool". Archived from the new along 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-12-18 .
2. ^ "Schraubenzieher « map collection-alltagssprache".
3. ^ "Franz Kafka: In der Strafkolonie".
4. ^ "Schraubenzieher".
5. ^ Rybczynski 2000, pp. 90–94.
6. ^ Capotosto, Rosario (December 1996), "Screwdriver Basics", Popular Mechanism, 173 (12): 82–83, ISSN 0032-4558, archived from the original happening 2022-02-16.
7. ^ Go over, Princeton (2004). Cracking the ASVAB . New York: Random House. p. 174. ISBN978-0-375-76430-1.
8. ^ Chilton, G. (2001). Homebasics: the complete guide to running today's home . Barnes & Noble Books. p. 18. ISBN978-0-7607-2719-5 . Retrieved 27 September 2022.
9. ^ Richards, A.J.; Stephenson, J.H. (1984). Avionic Navigation Systems Medical specialist. Avionic Navigation Systems Specialist. Extension Course Institute, Air University. p. 169. Retrieved 27 Sep 2022.
10. ^ Adler, Alexander (1998-05-18). Testing and Reason Screwdriver Bit Wear (PDF). Virginia Tech Appendage Library and Archives (Thesis). VA Technical school. hdl:10919/36701. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2020-09-23 . Lay summary.
11. ^ U.S. Plain 2,474,994
12. ^ US 2474994, Tomalis, Joseph &A; Ground Screw Company, "Screw Socket", publicized December 30, 1942, issued July 5, 1949
13. ^ "US Patent #2,474,994 Claims, Page 7". Archived from the original on 2022-08-04.
14. ^ Article of furniture Projects for the Deck and Lawn. Cambium Iron. 2004. ISBN978-1-892836-17-5. Archived from the original connected 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2012-03-12 .
15. ^ Robertson Iraqi National Congress. "Robertson Inc. - The Original Robertson Fastening Arrangement". Robertson Iraqi National Congress. main locate. Archived from the original along 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2011-09-28 .
16. ^ Rybczynski 2000, pp. 79–81.
17. ^ ^{a b c} Rybczynski 2000, pp. 85–86
18. ^ "The Phillips screwdriver has about 30° flukes and a blunt end, while the Reed and Prince has 45° flukes and a sharper, acuate end." RECESSED www.tpub.com Archived 2009-04-08 at the Wayback Machine October 2011
19. ^ Michael Uva (2010). The Adhesive friction Book. Taylor &ere; Francis. ISBN978-0-240-81291-5. Archived from the original on 2014-07-07. Retrieved 2014-09-14 .
20. ^ "Reed and Prince Screwdriver". www.scribd.com.
21. ^ "Bits From MRO Tools". mrotools.com. Archived from the original along 2012-04-25. The Frearson recess is designed so that some size snatch testament go whatever size up recess.
22. ^ "When a Phillips is not a Phillips, step13: Posidriv". instructibles.com. Archived from the originative on 2014-09-03.
23. ^ "When a Phillips is not a Phillips, step10: JIS – Japanese Industrial Standard". instructibles.com. October 2011. Archived from the daring on 2011-08-27.

Works cited [cut]

• Rybczynski, Witold (2000), One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Nookie, Scribner, ISBN978-0-684-86729-8, LCCN 00036988, OCLC 462234518. Single republications (paperback, e-book, braille, etc).

External links [edit]

Look up screwdriver in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Electric screwdriver

Dewalt 11 in. Variable Speed Battery Portable Fan

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver